Electricians and engineers list some common mistakes in grounding and bonding pools
Grounding and bonding can be one of the most confusing parts of pool construction.
So when pool professional and licensed electrician Alan Brotz brings on a new crew member, his first message is very clear: Know your stuff.
“I tell all my guys there is no more important wire on a pool or spa wiring system than a ground wire and a bond wire,” says the owner/president of Swim Systems Inc. in Oviedo, Fla. “The grounding and bonding around a pool are more critical than in any other application in a home, because of the conductivity of water.”
This message applies to pool contractors. Even if local codes require that a licensed electrician handle this critical stage of construction, it’s valuable to know how bonding and grounding should be done.
Here are six common mistakes made by both pool professionals and electricians while grounding and bonding pools, and some guidelines on how to avoid them.
Mistake #1: Confusing the two
Many pool professionals don’t know the difference between grounding and bonding, while others use the terms interchangeably. Even some electricians make this mistake, Brotz says.
But the two are quite different.
Grounding is a process meant to protect people against a possible fault in the electrical system. Basically, it means to electrically attach a piece of equipment to earth ground, which is at the lowest “electrical potential,” mostly referred to as 0 Volt potential. If there’s a fault, or short, the circuit breaker will trip and turn off the equipment.
To ground a piece of equipment, installers must run a properly sized wire from the equipment, through the same conduit as the current-carrying conductors and to the circuit breaker panel. Finally, the wire attaches to the ground bus bar in the circuit breaker panel.
Bonding, on the other hand, electrically ties all specified metallic elements together to minimize the differences in voltage. (In these discussions, voltage is also referred to as potential.) The pump, motor, ladder, even the water nowadays, are bonded.
“If there’s a difference in potential, that creates a foundation for current flow,” Brotz says. “If the current can flow between two pieces of equipment, then it’s just waiting for somebody to come along and be the conductor.”
Brotz gives the example of a pump and heat pump sitting next to each other, with neither bonded. “If there was a fault in the system, either in the pump or heat pump, it’s possible for either piece of equipment to become energized with a voltage other than 0 volts,” he says. “If somebody were to come up and touch the pump, then they become the conductor between the two and get shocked or electrocuted.”
To bond the system, a No. 8 wire runs from one metallic element to the next, connecting to pieces of equipment on a provided bonding lug and, thus, creating an electrical bonding grid. The wire runs through the earth, not inside a conduit.
Mistake #2: Neglecting to ground and bond thoroughly
Because of confusion between the two terms, some professionals may ground but not bond, or vice versa.
Other installers take care to do this with all the pool equipment, but then forget about less obvious things like fences or ladders.
To be clear, anything metallic within 5 feet of the water (meaning the inside wall of the pool), must be bonded. This includes the back of the light niche, ladders (both ladder pockets), diving board stands, lifeguard stands, handrails, junction boxes, pool shells and deck, if they’re made of conductive material. There are exceptions: Any small isolated parts of less than 4 inches in any dimension and extending less than 1 inch into the structure, such as rope hangers.
The pool’s rebar must also be bonded, as well as any reinforcing steel under the deck within 3 feet of the inside of the pool wall. If there is no reinforcing steel in the deck, at least one bare No. 8 (or larger) buried wire may be used, if installed in accordance with code requirements.
Generally speaking, all electrical equipment associated with the pool must be grounded.
Mistake #3: Grounding and bonding to earth
Some professionals believe that grounding can be done by driving an 8-foot ground rod into the earth and hooking the grounding wire to it. “That will not conduct fault current to trip the circuit breaker,” Brotz says. Some may believe this sends any stray current to the earth, but that’s not the purpose of grounding.
Any defective piece of equipment will remain energized. “Then when somebody comes up and touches it, it’s, ‘Good night, nurse.’” Brotz says. “That ground rod will do absolutely nothing.”
Some will even try using the earth as part of the bonding conductor. “In other words, you bond the pool together, drive a ground rod; bond the pad together, drive a ground rod. But you don’t run a wire in between,” says E.P. Hamilton III, Ph.D., P.E., an electrical engineer and president of Hamilton & Associates in Pflugerville, Texas. If you do this, the system isn’t bonded, because everything must be tied together. Otherwise, you risk current straying, if the potential between two components is different.
Mistake #4: Using the wrong connectors
When hooking up the bonding and grounding wires to a piece of equipment, you want the best connection possible to ensure that any current that needs to move has a clear path.
That’s why tying or wrapping the wire around a bolt or other metallic component on the equipment won’t do the trick. “It doesn’t insure any sort of reasonable electrical contact, particularly over time,” Hamilton says.
Instead, use clamps or lugs rated for the specific wire size and application. For instance, when connecting the wire to the pool’s rebar grid, you must use clamps that are UL approved for concrete encasement. If they’re going in the ground, the tag should indicate that they are approved for direct burial. These clamps are usually made of brass and copper. The screw should be made of stainless steel or brass. You don’t want plated steel anywhere near these applications, or they will rust and eventually fail.
“As to ones that are not required within concrete, then they’re going to be standard electrical fittings like you would get at an electric supply house,” Hamilton says.
Make sure the connectors are listed for the type of wire you’re using, whether it’s stranded or solid. Electrician and pool professional David Durkin often sees stake-ons, bud connectors and terminals used with solid wire. “They will become loose after a while, because it’s supposed to mesh in, and you can’t mesh into a solid wire,” says the owner of D&M Electric in Antioch, Calif.
Conversely, you can’t wrap stranded wire around a screw. “It keeps pushing out strands, and it’s not a good connection,” Durkin says. “They should be using terminals.”
If you do want to make the connection by wrapping solid wire around a screw, wrap it clockwise, he adds. “When the screw tightens, it sucks the wire instead of pushing it out.”
When you have to pot certain connections, such as those inside a light niche, use potting kits made for that purpose. Don’t use things such as bath tub caulk, Hamilton says.
Mistake #5: Using the wrong wires
Watch where you use insulated wire. Particularly on the equipotential grid under the deck, uninsulated wire is mandated by code. Some electricians prefer this variety on the whole bonding grid to maximize contact with all relevant pieces of equipment, the water, earth and all conducting surfaces in contact with the bond wire.
There is one place where you must use an insulated wire: “If you have a non-metallic conduit going from the light niche up to the junction box, you have to pull an insulated No. 8 green wire through there,” Hamilton says. “But even that’s more of a ground wire, even though it does have some involvement in the bonding system.”
Many codes require that No. 8 wires and smaller be solid. If you’re cautious by nature, use solid wires for No. 6 as well. “If you need a wire that’s that small, you’re better off with a solid wire, just because the strands are more susceptible to environmental damage,” Hamilton says.
This is especially important with bond wires, since they’re in direct contact with the earth. “It may be buried 50 or 60 years,” Hamilton says.
Mistake #6: Believing that plastic or fiberglass elements need bonding
This mistake is generally not made by professionals, but rather by inspectors. Many of them, for instance, see the metal tension band on a plastic or fiberglass filter and insist that it be bonded.
“Don’t do anything to the tension band on that filter,” Hamilton says. “That creates a substantial safety hazard…if you do anything to the tension band. You’re affecting its mechanical integrity and ability to hold the filter together over time and under pressure.”
If that filter comes with a bonding lug, or has a metallic base with a bonding lug, then it must be bonded. But if it’s all polymer on a polymer base and it comes with no bonding lug, then it doesn’t need to be included in the grid.
Explain to the inspector that, because the band is only touching the plastic filter shell, there is no electrical connection. If the inspector won’t budge, then move the equipment so it’s more than 5 feet away from the inside wall of the pool.
You may have the same problem with plastic lights outfitted with an all-plastic niche. Show the inspector that UL has listed it to go ungrounded.
Take a slightly different path when installing double-insulated pumps, Hamilton says. Though you can’t bond them now, code requires that you run a bonding wire to it anyway. You won’t make the connection to the pump, but you must connect the bond wire to the ground wire in the junction box serving the pump. The code requires this so that if the double-insulated pump is replaced with a pump that isn’t double-insulated, then there’s a place to bond it without tearing up the pool area.
Source: Rebecca Robledo – Pool and Spa News | 5.13.2009